河北芮路生物犬猫的内科病_河北芮路生物科技有限公司

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河北芮路生物犬猫的内科病

<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;">1. 唇炎 <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;"><img src="https://www.cnrlsw.com/upload/u/6/202210/1666690578413964.png" alt="唇炎.png"/><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">唇炎是指当犬、猫外伤或感染时,唇或唇皱发生的急性或慢性皮炎。临床上以唇和唇周围与皮肤结合部形成龟裂或痂皮为特征。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(1)病因：唇炎主要由于机械性损伤，如骨头、木片刺入唇内。或齿的位置异常，犬齿直接咬伤。也见于维生素B缺乏、过敏、双香豆素中毒疥螨或皮肤真菌感染。幼犬急性脓疱性皮炎，以及邻近组织炎症的波及，均可继发本病。唇部皮肤皱襞发达的犬种（如西班牙犬、瑞士救护犬）,因唾液和脱落的黏膜组织等潴留的剌激，以及唾液分泌旺盛的大,也可诱发本病。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(2)临诊要点：患病犬、猫不时用前肢搔抓患部，流涎，下颌前端被毛湿润、污秽，口腔恶臭并有溃疡，可在唇和唇周围及皮肤结合部形成龟裂或痂皮。慢性唇炎有恶臭的黄色或褐色的黏稠物附着于唇周围。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">疥癣、毛囊虫、皮肤真菌感染扩散引起的唇炎,可在患部取样镜检或培养鉴别。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(3)防治：祛除病因,患部用0.1%高锰酸钾、2％硼酸、0.1%雷佛奴尔溶液冲洗，然后涂擦复方碘甘油、抗生素软膏及皮质激素类软膏。维生素B缺乏症，应及时补给B族维生素;过敏时，可用地塞米松、苯海拉明、扑尔敏等脱敏药物。为防止全身感染，可全身应用抗生素类药物，也可以应用抗生素与抗真菌制剂，如四环素按每千克体重 20毫克,每天了～4次，口服，两性霉素B按每天每千克体重0.5~1毫克,静脉注射，隔天1次。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;">2.急性胃炎<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;"><img src="https://www.cnrlsw.com/upload/u/6/202210/1666690546624411.png" alt="急性胃炎.png"/><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">本病是胃黏膜的急性炎症。临床上以呕吐、胃区压痛及脱水为特征，是犬、猫常见的疾病，以犬多发。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(1)病因：原发性胃炎因摄食腐败变质的食物、刺激性药物（消炎痛、阿司匹林）引起。继发性胃炎,常见于某些传染病、肠道寄生虫病及应激反应等病程中。饲喂牛奶、鸡蛋、马肉或鱼肉，可引起个别犬、猫发生过敏性胃炎。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(2)临诊要点：病初,患病犬、猫精神沉郁,持续性呕吐，开始吐出食糜，后则吐出泡沫状黏液或胃液。饮欲增强，饮水后，呕吐加重。严重胃炎如伴有肠炎而腹泻腹痛时，患病犬、猫常伏卧冷暗处，腹部紧张,压迫胃有痛感，前肢前伸。迅速脱水，引起严重的水、电解质紊乱和碱中毒等症状。根据病史和临床症状可做出初步诊断,结合胃内窥镜检查胃黏膜异常可确诊。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">临床上,应与下列疾病相鉴别：<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">①胃内异物。胃部触诊疼痛,肋骨部敏感，有时可触到异物，采食后问歇性呕吐，渐进性消瘦。X光检查，可以发现异物。应注意猫的胃炎要与吐毛球相鉴别诊断。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">②胃溃疡。慢性顽固性呕吐,呕吐物呈黑褐色，粪便呈煤焦油样。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">③胃肿瘤。老龄犬、猫多发,体重逐渐减轻，呈慢性血性呕吐，呕吐与采食无关，胃有压痛，贫血，呈恶病质状态。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">（3）防治：首先绝食12小时甚至 24 小时以上，病情好转后少量多次给予流质食物。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">镇静止吐，可肌内注射硫酸阿托品、氢溴酸东莨菪碱、胃复安等止吐药物。脱水时，用复方氯化钠液和 5％葡萄糖液等量混合，按每天每千克体重40~60 毫升，静脉注射，同时补充维生素 C、维生素B.等。健胃止酵，增加食欲，可用乳酶生、橙皮酊等口服。当胃炎较重时，抗菌消炎，可用庆大霉素、卡那霉素、小诺霉素(小单孢菌素)等药物肌注或静脉注射，必要时肌注地塞米松，每次犬2~10毫克，猫0.1~5毫克。胃有出血时，可给予维生素 K3、止血敏等止血药物,或用甲脂脒胺每千克体重4 毫克,每天 2～3次,肌内注射。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;">3.胃扩张-胃扭转综合征<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;"><img src="https://www.cnrlsw.com/upload/u/6/202210/1666690536116664.png" alt="胃扩张-胃扭转综合征.png"/><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">胃扭转是胃幽门部从右转向左侧，并被挤压于肝脏、食道的末端和胃底之间，导致胃内容物不能后送的疾病，胃扭转之后很快发生胃扩张，因此,本病统称为胃扩张-胃扭转综合征。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(1)病因：饲料中钙、磷比例失调，脾肿大、胃下垂等使胃韧带伸长，易诱发本病。往往发牛于饱食后打滚、跳跃，迅速上楼梯时的旋转、滚动时。较多见于大型犬及胸部狹长品种犬,雄犬发病率高，尤以中、青年或较老的犬多发。此外,遗传因素也有一定作用。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(2）临诊要点：患犬突然表现腹痛、神态淡漠、呆立或躺卧于地，口吐白沫。由于胃扭转时，胃贲门和幽门均闭塞,而发生急性胃扩张，叩诊呈鼓音或金属音。腹部触诊可触摸到球囊袋状物，急剧冲击胃下部，可听到拍水音。干呕。胃管插不入胃内,若强行插入后,则见带有酸臭味气体和血样液体逸出。主要根据临床症状、X线检查及胃内插管来确诊。注意应与单纯性胃扩张、肠扭转及脾扭转相鉴别，通常用插胃管来区分。单纯性胃扩张，胃管插到胃内，腹部胀满可以减轻,但胃扩张时贲门痉挛也有不能插人导管的情况;胃扭转，胃管插不到胃，因而不能减轻腹部胀满;肠扭转及脾扭转，胃管插到胃内,但腹部胀满仍不能减轻,且即使胃内潴留的气体消失,患犬仍逐渐衰竭。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(3)治疗：尽早开腹手术。手术可局部浸润麻醉或全身麻醉，切开腹壁(由剑状软骨到脐部后方）,由口腔插人粗胃管将扭转部转到正常位置。胃整复困难时，用穿刺针放气后再整复。如果胃内容物洗不出来或有大肿物,应进行胃切开术，此时用温的灭菌生理盐水湿润的纱布包佳胃，在胃腹侧面血管少处切开，用舌形钳或支持缝合拉开创口，除去全部内容物和切除胃壁的坏死组织，冲洗，整复至正常位置。进行双重缝合,将胃壁固定于腹壁上。如果脾脏损伤<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">严重,则应摘除。手术中及手术后,应维持水、电解质平衡，以林格氏液每千克体重20～50毫升、氨苄青霉素每千克体重20~50毫克,混合进行静脉滴注，连续5~7天。如胃不蠕动，用甲基硫酸新斯的明每千克体重0.25~1毫克,皮下注射，每天2次。如发生休克，给予强心剂呼吸兴奋剂，同时补充电解质及碳酸氢钠。维生素 B1、三磷酸腺苷皮下注射。洗胃或胃切开 24小时后,可喂少量易消化的食物。食物和饮水量逐渐增加，同时给子健胃助消化药物。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;">4. 肠炎<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;"><img src="https://www.cnrlsw.com/upload/u/6/202210/1666690520907470.png" alt="肠炎.png"/><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">肠炎是肠黏膜的急性或慢性炎症。可作为肠黏膜的一种独立疾病，但临床上更常见的是以胃肠炎的形式出现。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">（1）病因：病因与胃炎相似。继发性肠炎见于传染性和寄生虫疾病，如犬瘟热、钩端螺旋体病、细小病毒病、传染性肝炎、钩虫病、蛔虫病。过食或长期滥用抗生素也可引起肠炎。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(2)临诊要点：肠炎的主要症状是腹泻。当以胃、小肠的炎症为主时,频频呕吐,呕吐物中有时混有血液,饮欲亢进,大量饮水后叉呕吐，伴有脱水,结肠炎时，可出现里急后重,粪便稀软，水样或胶冻状,并有难闻气味。小肠出血性肠炎，粪便呈黑绿色或黑红色;大肠出血性肠炎，粪便表面附有血液或血丝。中毒性和传染性胃肠炎，前述症状特别明显,同时多出现肾炎及神经症状。慢性胃肠炎,症状和病变较急性轻微，由于反复腹泻或腹泻与便秘交替发生，患病犬、猫脱水，消瘦，营养不良。根据病史及临床症状，易做出初步诊断,但要建立特异性诊断或确定病因,应进一步做实验室检查。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(3)防治：加强饲养管理，病初禁食，限制饮水,然后给无刺激性饮食，如菜汤、米汤，口服 ORS<口服补液盐）及腹部温敷。镇痛止吐,可用氯丙嗪硫酸阿托品，肌内注射。控制和预防病原菌继发感染，选用庆大霉素、阿莫西林、普康素喹诺酮类口服。持续腹泻,用鞣酸蛋白、思密达进行收敛，防止脱水和引起自体中毒,及时静脉注射含糖盐水、林格氏液,加适量 10%低分子右旋糖酐液。同时补加碳酸氢钠、维生素 C、B族维生素、维生素K,强心和保护肝脏。有肠道出血,可口服云南白药或适量肌注止血敏,并配合肌注维丁胶性钙。中毒性胃肠炎以解毒为主。传染性胃肠炎,采用抗血清和对症疗法、维持疗法相结合。寄生虫性肠炎，以驱虫为主,辅以对症疗法和支持疗法。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;">5. 急性小肠梗阻<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;"><img src="https://www.cnrlsw.com/upload/u/6/202210/1666690501223010.png" alt="急性小肠梗阻.png"/><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">急性小肠梗阻是犬、猫的一种急腹症，发病部位主要在小肠，常发生机械性阻塞，使肠内容物不能顺利下行。临床上以剧烈腹痛、呕吐、脱水为特征。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">（1)病因：小肠急性梗阻多由肠内异物，如骨、果核、玩具毛球，或大量肠道寄生虫突然阻塞所致,也可由于肠道内外胂瘤、肠管术后粘连所引起。在肠套叠、肠缠结及嵌闭性疝时，肠腔发生机械性闭塞,可引起机械性肠梗阻，但根据犬、猫的生理特点，很少发生肠扭转，常见肠套叠。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(2）临诊要点：小肠梗阻部位愈靠近胃,症状发生愈迅速和剧烈。最显著症状为剧烈腹痛，持续性呕吐，迅速脱水。腹痛初期，表现腹部僵硬，拒绝触诊。梗阻位于前部时,呕吐为一种早期症状，呕吐物中有未消化食物及黏液，严重时可呕出胆汁，机体脱水、电解质紊乱及碱中毒，梗阻晚期发生尿毒症或休克。慢性小肠梗阻主要表现患病犬、猫逐渐消瘦，体重下降,粪便稀薄，呈煤焦油状，或带有血丝，并有久治不愈的腹泻。根据病史和临床症状，可做出初步诊断。腹部触诊，常在梗阻肠段的前方，触及充满气体和液体而扩张的肠管。肠套叠时，在腹中部可触及到“香肠状物体”。腹腔穿刺，有较多渗出液，颜色呈淡红或暗红色。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">（3）防治：一旦确诊为小肠梗阻，应立即进行手术治疗，但术前、术中和术后，必领纠正水、电解质和酸碱平衡失调。为控制感染和毒血症，可肌内注射抗生素，如青霉素链霉素。出现明显的感染和毒血症时,可静脉注射广谱抗生素，术后禁食 48~72小时给予流食。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;">6. 便秘<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;"><img src="https://www.cnrlsw.com/upload/u/6/202210/1666690492536831.png" alt="便秘.png"/><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">便秘是犬、猫一种常见的疾病。其特征是肠蠕动机能发生障碍，肠内容物不能及时后送，滞留于大肠肠腔,水分被进一步吸收，内容物变干，形成秘结。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(1)病因：犬、猫对大肠便秘有较强的耐受性，有的发生数天至 20 天,临床无明显症状。但时间过久，则很难治疗,甚至诱发其他疾病。多数肠便秘为一过性,但也有反复发作，病因较为复杂。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">①食物和环境的异常变化。长期饲喂干食物，限制摄取流体食物，食入骨、异物、毛与粪便缠绕一起，难以通过下行。长期饲喂肝、骨粉过多，摄食过少,对肠道的机械及化学刺激不足，环境突然改变运动不足,以及促进排便的肌肉松弛无力等，均可引起本病。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">②直肠、肛门疾病。可因排便疼痛性疾病而引发便秘。肠道周围疾病、会阴疝、前列腺疾病等,阻碍粪便通过。另外,长毛犬、猫肛门周围粪便黏结，阻塞肛门,可引起便秘。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">③医源性原因。某些药物，如阿托品、碳酸钙、氢氧化铝、硫酸钡等,可能导致便秘。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">④支配排便的神经异常。脊髓损伤所致的后躯麻痹，老龄犬、猫迷走神经紧张性降低及特发性巨大结肠症等,都可导致便秘。此外，甲状腺功能减退和甲状旁腺功能亢进,也可诱发本病。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(2)诊疗要点：便秘犬、猫经常有排便姿势，但排不出，表现里急后重。初期精神、食欲多无太大变化，久则出现食欲废绝、不安、腹痛,呕吐甚至呕坔发病犬猫尾巴伸直，步态紧张,脉搏、呼吸加快，可视黏膜发绀。轻症反复努责，排出少量秘结便，重症排出少量混有血液或黏液的液体，肛门发红和水肿。触诊后腹部,常可触到粪结。直检有时能触到硬的粪块，结肠不全梗阻时，可发生积粪性腹泻,排出褐色水样粪液。X线照片可见肠管扩张状态，其中常含有致密粪块或骨头等异物投影。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(3）防治：早期单纯性便秘,用液体石蜡或温肥皂水、2%苏打水反复灌肠，腹部轻轻触压粪块。或服用缓污剂，例如：硫酸钠或硫酸镁 5~30克，或液体石蜡5~30毫升，或芒硝、大黄各 3~10克为未，用蜂蜜调和内服。番泻叶20～50克，或大黄、麻仁、桃仁、郁李仁各 3~5克,水煎去渣,加30 毫升液体石蜡灌服。直肠后段或靠近肛门处便秘时，为保护犬、猫安全,应进行全身麻醉，冲洗肠腔，然后用止血钳或镊子取出结粪。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">严重结肠便秘,用上述方法不能奏效时，可行外科手术，取出结粪,术后注意护理。对继发性便秘，应治疗原发病，肠便秘时,应注意对症治疗，采取补充体液、强心等措施。肠便秘解除后，为防止复发,可投与石蜡油等轻泻剂，促使肠内容物排出。平时饲喂应注意定时定量,并要适当运动，观察每天排粪情况。当只见吃不见排便时,注意有无便秘征兆，可投服液体石蜡或植物油 10～30毫升,或肛门内注入甘油或开塞露，促使排粪。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;">7.犬肛门腺炎<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;"><img src="https://www.cnrlsw.com/upload/u/6/202210/1666690478180578.png" alt="犬肛门腺炎.png"/><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">本病是肛阿囊内的腺体分泌物贮积于囊内，刺激黏膜而引起的炎症。肛门囊疾病是肛门部最常见的疾病，一般包括肛门囊阻塞、肛门囊炎和肛门囊脓胂三种。犬、猫均有发生,但以大发病较多。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">（1)病因：犬的肛门囊位于内、外肛门括约肌之间的腹侧，左右各一个，呈球形。中型犬的肛门囊直径为1厘米左右。肛门囊以 2～4 毫米长的管道开口于肛门黏膜与皮肤交界部，把犬尾部上举时，开口部突出于肛门，易于看到。肛门囊壁内讨腺体，分泌灰色或褐色含有小颗粒的皮脂样分泌物。常见于肛囊过度分泌、肛囊的导管阻塞，犬过度肥胖，使外括约肌收缩功能不良，室内犬运动不足，排便受限。饲料中脂肪含量过高，导致粪便松软,绦虫节片阻塞肛囊导管开口。在以上病因的作用下，使囊肉分泌物滞留，引起病原菌侵人、增殖,发生炎症反应，导致腺体感染，甚至发生脓胂。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(2)临诊要点：病犬肛门呈炎性肿账，发痒疼痛，常有擦肛动作,甩尾并试图啃咬肛门,排便困难,疼痛,拒绝抚拍臀部,犬体有腥臭味。当肛门腺感染时,从肛门流出灰色或褐色分泌物，混有脓汁，气味难闻。运动时,两后肢向外摆动不自然。脓肿破溃后，流出大量黄色稀薄脓汁，有时可形成肛门腺与皮肤相通的瘘管，疼痛严重。排粪时，由于疼痛,往往继而引起便秘。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(3）防治：单纯肛门囊腺导管口阻塞时，将犬尾高举，暴露肛门,用拇指和食指挤压肛门囊口，或将食提伸入肛门,与外面拇指配合挤压，除去内容物。肛门囊腺化脓时，先排空腺囊内的脓汁，再用生理盐水或0.1%高锰酸钾溶液冲洗，然后滴入抗菌药物。炎症较重或伴有全身症状时，全身应做抗感染治疗。如有复发，可囊内注入复方碘甘油每天 3~4次,连用4~5天,然后注入碘酊，每周1次。若己形成溃烂或瘘管,可行外科手术摘除,但应注意不要损伤肛门括约肌和提肛肌。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;">8.急性肝炎<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;"><img src="https://www.cnrlsw.com/upload/u/6/202210/1666690465868543.png" alt="急性肝炎.png"/><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">本病是肝细胞出现不同程度的急性弥漫性变性、坏死,以及炎性细胞浸润的一种肝脏疾病。临床上以黄疽、急性消化不良和出现神经症状为特征。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(1)病因：急性肝炎主要由传染性和中毒性因素所引起。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">①传染性肝炎。见于犬瘟热、猫泛白细胞减少症、钩端螺旋体病、犬传染性肝炎、疱疹病毒感染等疾病中。另外，化脓杆菌、巴贝斯虫、肝片形吸虫等病原体侵人肝脏或其毒素作用，也可致病。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">②中毒性肝炎。见于化学物质，如铜、砷、硒、汞、氯仿、防腐剂(尤其对猫）中毒，或采食腐败发霉食物所致反复或长期投与氯丙嗪、睾酮、氯噻嗪或磺胺类药物，也可引发。猫由于缺乏葡萄糖醛酸转移酶，肝脏解毒功能较差,对某些化学药品，如阿司匹林、酚类转化速度慢，易发生蓄积中毒，引发肝炎。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">（2）临诊要点：患病犬、猫病初食欲缺乏或废绝,体温稍高。可视黏膜黄染，无力，呕吐。粪便先干燥后稀软，色淡,严重呈灰白色，恶臭。肝区触诊疼痛，叩诊肝浊音区扩大。尿液呈豆油状。皮肤瘙痒，腹痛,拱腰,后躯无力,步态蹒跚，呻吟。严重患病犬、猫肝解毒机能降低,发生自体中毒,表现肌肉震颤、痉挛、抽搐、共济失调、起立困难、昏睡等等症状。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">血清学检查,谷-丙转氨酶、谷-草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶、乳酸脱氢酶活性增高，尤以乳酸脱氢酶活性增高明显。血清胆红素定性试验呈双相反应(肝细胞性黄疸时，血清中非酯型胆红素和酯型胆红素都增多,但以后者增多为主,其中结合 2个葡萄糖醛酸分子的酯型胆红素，反应时出现颜色反应快,而结合 1个葡萄糖醛酸分子的酯型胆红素，反应时出现颜色反应慢，故呈双相反应)，红细胞脆性增加，凝血酶原活性降低，血凝时间延长。根据临床症状，肝触诊，叩诊变化，结合血检、尿检可以确诊,但应进行鉴别诊断：<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">①中毒性肝炎。粪便恶臭，血性腹泻,中性粒细胞增加,核左移。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">②药物性肝炎。病症稍轻,胆汁严重瘀滞，血清乳酸脱氢酶明显增高，谷-丙转氨酶稍升高，嗜酸性粒细胞和中性粒细胞增加。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">③食物性肝坏死。血清胆固醇及游离脂肪酸升高，血清中磷脂质量、总蛋白及白蛋白降低。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">③犬传染性肝炎。呈流行性，多侵害幼犬，常伴有高热(41°C)，血凝和血凝抑制试验检查阳性。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">④钩端螺旋体病。多发生于夏秋季节，以7~9月较多，血、尿中可检出病原体，血清凝集试验检查阳性。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">⑥华支睾吸虫病。消化机能紊乱，黄疸显著，有饲喂淡水鱼病史,对因治疗有明显疗效。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(3)防治：应使患病犬、猫安静，避免刺激。饲喂富含碳水化合物、蛋白质、维生素的食物，限制食人盐、脂肪的量，减少饮水量。保肝解毒，用 25%葡萄糖液50～400毫升、维生素B;20～50毫克、维生素 B,5~10毫克、维生素 B1210~50毫克、维生素 K110~20毫克、维生素C100 毫克。或者5%葡萄糖液50～500毫升、林格氏液100~200毫升-维生素C100～500 毫克、乌洛托品液10毫升、复方氨基酸液 20~100 毫升,静脉注射，每天2次。口服硫酸镁、人工盐、硫酸钠及利胆药促进胆汁排泄。为增加肝脏的解毒功能,可适当应用谷氨酸，大每次 0.5~2克。或肝泰乐，犬每次 0.1~2克，内服，每天 2~3次。进行性黄疽和转氨酶增高的犬、猫，可用地塞米松 (1天量为 0.125~1毫克),肌内或静脉注射,强力宁20～40毫升,静脉注射，每天2~3次。具有出血性素质的患病犬、猫，及时用地塞米松、10%葡萄糖酸钙液 10~20毫升，静脉注射，必要时用维生素K,1~3毫升，肌内注射。控制感染，用对肝无害或损害较轻的抗生素，如青霉素、氨苄青霉素、庆大霉素等。也可用中药制剂，如苦黄注射液、板蓝根注射液、柴胡注射液,肌内注射;茵陈蒿汤等，内服。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;">9.犬急性胰腺炎<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;"><img src="https://www.cnrlsw.com/upload/u/6/202210/1666690456773076.png" alt="犬急性胰腺炎.png"/><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">急性胰腺炎是一组不同原因导致的胰腺组织受损、胰腺功能受不同程度影响的疾病。临床上以腹部剧痛、休克及腹膜炎为特征，多发于中年肥胖雌犬。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(1)病因：饲喂高脂食物，胆管疾病，中毒性疾病,某些传染病、寄生虫病如弓形体病、猫传染性腹膜炎，可损害侵害胰腺，引起胰腺炎。十二指肠液或胆汁逆流人胰腺，也可引起急性胰腺炎，肥胖、高血脂症、甲状腺功能减退、糖尿病时，也可引发胰腺炎。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(2)临诊要点：病理类型有水肿型胰腺炎、出血坏死型胰腺炎之分。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">①水胂型胰腺炎。患犬食欲缺乏、呕吐、腹泻,有时症状不明显。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">②出血坏死型胰腺炎。患犬昏睡、呕吐、剧烈腹泻乃至血性腹泻。腹部有压痛或弥漫性腹痛，腹壁紧张,饮水后立即呕吐。重者血压下降、黏膜千燥、体温降低、意识丧失或痉挛、休克。腹水中有淀粉酶。典型的胰腺炎可根据 X线检查（右上腹部密度增加），腹水中检出淀粉酶等，做出诊断。应注意与急性肾衰竭和小肠梗阻相鉴别。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(3）防治：为抑制胰腺分泌,应禁食4~5天,或者用异丙酰胺每千克体重0.3毫克，口服。或每千克体重阿托品0.01毫克，口服，每天4次。甲磺酸加贝酯每次 100 毫克，治疗开始3天每天用量300毫克，症状减轻后改为每天100毫克,疗程6～10天（先以5毫升注射用水注入盛有甲磺酸加贝酯的冻干粉针瓶内,待溶解后，移注于 5%500毫升葡萄糖或林格氏液中，供静脉点滴用〉病情好转后给易消化低脂肪饮食。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">禁食时需维持水电解质平衡，常用 5%含糖盐水或林格氏液50~500毫升、维生素 C 500毫克、维生素 B100毫克、维生素 K;0.25~2毫克、5%碳酸氢钠液 10~20毫升静脉注射。防止休克可用氢化可的松5～20毫克,溶于葡萄糖溶液中静脉注射。防止疼痛性休克可用每千克体重吗啡 5~10毫克、度冷丁2~5毫克，肌肉注射。弥漫性胰腺炎、胰腺形成脓肿时，以广谱抗生素或多种抗生素联合应用，如氯霉素、四环素、链霉素、卡那霉素、头孢菌素等肌内注射。炎症初期可用地塞米松每千克体重0.5~1毫克，肌内注射。低血钙的患犬，用10%葡萄糖酸钙液10～20毫升，静脉注射。高血糖及糖尿病犬可考虑投与胰岛素。如胰腺发生坏死，可行手术切除。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;">10.鼻炎 <p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;"><img src="https://www.cnrlsw.com/upload/u/6/202210/1666690436581213.png" alt="鼻炎.png"/><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">鼻炎是指鼻腔黏膜的炎症。临床上以鼻黏膜肿胀、呼吸困难、打喷嚏、分泌多量鼻液为特征。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(1)病因：原发性鼻炎，可因感冒、化学物质(如二氧化碳、氨气）刺激、吸入尘埃或花粉、昆虫爬人鼻腔，使鼻黏膜受损所致。某些传染病和寄生电病，如犬瘟热、支气管败血性波氏杆菌感染、犬鼻螨、犬肺棘虫螨，可继发鼻炎。某些过敏性疾病也可引发鼻炎。某些邻近器官疾病，如咽喉炎、支气管炎、齿槽骨膜炎：副鼻窦炎、龋齿、咽麻痹、软鄂先天性缺损,可诱发鼻炎。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(2)临诊要点：<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">①急性鼻炎。初期鼻黏膜充血肿胀,因黏膜发痒而打喷嚏、摇头，用前爪搔抓鼻端随病程进一步发展,从一侧或双侧鼻孔流出水样、浆液、黏液性至脓性鼻液。鼻黏膜可能有糜烂、溃疡。鼻黏膜肿胀严重时，呼吸迫促,张口呼吸，吸气时出现鼻呼吸杂音。伴发结膜炎时，羞明流泪，有眼眵。伴发咽喉炎时，吞咽困难,颌下淋巴结肿大,咳嗽。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">②慢性鼻炎。病程发展缓慢，长期流黏脓性鼻液，混有血液,散发腐败臭味。鼻黏膜增生或有溃疡,颜面部肿胀及变形。依据临床症状可做出诊断,但应做好类症鉴别。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">A.流感：强流行性，呈结膜炎、高热，全身症状明显。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">B.副鼻卖炎：多为单侧性鼻孔流脓性鼻液,特别在低头和打喷嚏时，量增多,且有臭味,对副鼻窦叩诊呈浊音，慢性副鼻窦炎时颜面部畸形肿胀。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(3)防治：排除病因，将患病犬、猫移至温暖通风良好的舍内,轻症可不治而愈。原发性或继发性细菌感染的犬、猫,用氨芐青霉素每千克体重 20毫克，口服，每天3次。青霉素每千克体重4万国际单位，肌内注射，每天2～3次，肌内注射。真菌感染时，用酮哌噁咪唑每千克体重10～30毫克，口服，6~8周。酮康唑每千克体重 10毫克，口服,每天1次。去除黏脓性鼻液和异物，可用温的0.9%氯化钠、0.01%～0.02%高锰酸钾、1%～2%碳酸氢钠冲洗鼻腔，每天2～3次,然后滴人青霉素溶液（5 毫升生理盐水含青霉素 20万～40万国际单位）。鼻黏膜肿胀严重，可用0.1%肾上腺素、1%氯化铵或1％克辽林吸人，促使鼻黏膜血管收缩，,降低鼻黏膜敏感性。过敏性鼻炎,用扑尔敏每千克体重 4~8毫克，口服，每天2次。慢性鼻炎，地塞米松每千克体重0.125~1 毫克，口服或肌注，每天1次。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;">11.肺水肿<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;"><img src="https://www.cnrlsw.com/upload/u/6/202210/1666690430399568.png" alt="肺水肿.png"/><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">肺水肿是由于肺毛细血管内血液量异常增多，血液液体成分渗漏到肺泡及肺间质，而引起的一种非炎性肺疾病。临床上以突发呼吸困难，黏膜发绀，流泡沫样鼻液为特征，多见于犬。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(1)病因：多在炎热季节或极大强度运动后,突然发生。本病最常发生于过敏反应、充血性心力衰竭的充血之后,也可发生于吸入烟尘后及毒血症过程中。上述原因可引起肺毛细血管内流体静力压升高，或毒素及缺氧损伤毛细血管壁,结果导致血液的液体成分外渗。临床常分为心源性肺水肿(犬、猫常发该种肺水肿）和非心源性肺水肿两种病型。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(2)临诊要点：突然发病出现高度进行性呼吸困难及弱而湿的咳嗽。鼻翼扇动，甚至张口呼吸,两侧鼻孔常流出含有粉红色泡沫状的鼻液，呼吸数明显增加，可达每分钟60～80次。体温升高，黏膜发绀,眼球突出,体表静脉怒张,脉搏频数。肺部叩诊呈浊音。胸部听诊,可听到广泛的水泡音和捻发音，肺泡音减弱或消失。X线检查，肺阴影一致性加深,肺门血管纹理变粗。肺视野的阴影星散在性增强,呼吸道轮廓清晰，支气管周围增厚。补液过量引起的肺水肿,肺泡阴影呈弥漫性增加，大部分血管几乎难以发现。肺泡气肿所致的肺水肿，X线片可见斑点状阴影。左心机能不全并发的肺水肿，肺静脉较正常清晰，而肺门呈放射状。根据病史、临床特征，可做出初步诊断。在临床上应与下列疾病相鉴别。日射病和热射病，除呼吸困难外，尚呈现中枢神经机能障碍，全身衰竭和体温极度升高。肺出血，两鼻孔流出含有泡沫的鲜红血液,黏膜色泽变浅，乃至呈苍白色。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">（3）防治：应使患病犬、猫保持安静，可选用镇静剂盐酸吗啡，按每千克体重0.2~0.5毫克，肌内或静脉注射，戊巴比妥钠按每千克体重6~10毫克，静脉注射。或重酒石酸氢化可的松每千克体重1~2毫克,静脉注射。为改善气体交换，可以每分钟 5升的速度迅速输氧,或消泡剂40%乙醇吸入。为缓解呼吸困难,减少循环血量,可按每千克体重静脉放血6~10毫升。支气管痉李时，用氨茶碱按每千克体重6～10毫克,静脉注射。强心利尿,可用强尔心，按每千克体重2～5毫升，肌内或静脉注射。速尿,按每千克体重2～4 毫克,静脉注射,异羟基洋地黄毒甙，按每千克体重0.01~0.02毫克，分3次静脉注射。心律不齐的患病犬、猫，用心得安按每千克体重 0.04~0.06毫克，静脉注射。因过敏引起的肺水肿，用0.1%肾上腺素0.5~1毫升肌内注射。渗透性肺水肿，用大剂量类皮质醇，如甲基去氧氢化可的松按每千克体重30毫克,静脉注射，每天2次。并发感染时，须用广谱抗生素。制止肺水肿并使肺水肿局限化，可用 10%葡萄糖酸钙液5~20毫升静脉注射，每天2次,同时静脉滴注地塞米松 5 毫克。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;">12.支气管肺炎<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;"><img src="https://www.cnrlsw.com/upload/u/6/202210/1666690421241380.png" alt="支气管肺炎.png"/><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">支气管肺炎是指支气管及肺泡的炎症，又称为小肺性肺炎。临床上以弛张热、呼吸次数增多、叩诊有散在性浊音区听诊有捻发音及啰音为特征。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">（1）病因：<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">①原发性病因。过劳、感冒、应激及各种理化因素刺激,降低了机体抵抗力，为各种内、外源性病原体，如某些细菌以及病毒、衣原体等人侵、繁殖创造了条件，而发生本病。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">②继发性病因。本病多数是气管支气管炎的蔓延。常继发于疱疹病毒感染、犬瘟热、传染性支气管炎、猫呼吸道综合征等病程中。此外,有时真菌感染、肺吸虫感染、弓形体感染、蛔虫病,也可引起。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(2)临诊要点：初期常呈现急性支气管炎和细支气管炎的症状，继而精神不振，嗜睡或不安，体温升高达 40°C以上,星弛张热型,但机体特别衰弱时，也可能不表现发热。呼吸频率增加，节律改变,阵发性咳嗽。病灶常出现于肺的前下部。在病灶部位,病初听诊肺泡音增强，有啰音和捻发音，以后肺泡音消失,可听到粗粝的支气管呼吸音。病灶周围健康部位，肺泡呼吸音增强，常可听到各种啰音。叩诊肺尖叶、心叶部位时，可出现局灶性浊音，浊音区周围，叩诊可听到过清音。X线检查，肺纹理增重,伴有多发性大小不等等、界限模糊的斑状阴影。根据病史和临床特征,基本可以确诊。必要时进行滲出液和黏液的涂片检查和培养试验，以确定病原。本病应与细支气管炎、大叶性肺炎鉴别：<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">①细支气管炎。热型不定,胸部叩诊呈过清音，甚至鼓音,叩诊界扩大。听诊肺部肺泡音亢盛并有各种啰音。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">②大叶性肺炎。呈稽留热型，病程发展迅速,而在典型病例中常呈定型经过。胸部叩诊有大片浊音区，听诊肺的肝变区有较明显的支气管呼吸音,并在病程中有铁锈色鼻液,区线检查病变部有明显而广泛的阴影。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(3）防治:控制炎症可用广谱抗生素，四环素按每千克体重 5～10毫克,静脉注射，每天2次,青霉素按每千克体重4万国际单位、链霉素按每千克体重10毫克，联合肌内注射，每天4 次,也可用甲硝唑注射液10~100毫升,静脉注射，每天1次，同时配合磺胺类药物内服。霉菌性肺炎,可用两性霉素 B按每千克体重 1.8 毫克，静脉注射，7天为一疗程，中析7天再进行下一疗程。制止渗出，用10%葡萄糖酸钙 10~15毫升静脉注射，维生素C 1.0~2.0克10%水杨酸钠溶液5~10毫升，混于含糖盐水中静脉滴注,每天1次。促进渗出物吸收，可给予利尿剂;或10%苯甲酸钠咖啡因溶液2～5毫升、40%乌洛托品溶液10～15 毫升、10%水杨酸钠溶液 5~10毫升，静脉注射，每天1次。低血氧症或呼吸困难，可用麻黄素 10~30毫克，皮下注射,10%～20%乙酰半胱氨酸喷雾或吸氧治疔。镇咳袪痰可使用复方甘草合剂、鲜竹沥口服液等。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;">13. 猫支气管哮喘<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;"><img src="https://www.cnrlsw.com/upload/u/6/202210/1666690372203833.png" alt="猫支气管哮喘.png"/><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">猫哮喘原发于支气管收缩引起的气管的可逆性阻塞。临床上以干咳、呼吸困难、哮喘为特征。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(1)病因：猫的支气管疾病从根本上认为是过敏性的，但确切的过敏原尚未弄清。某些病例可能是烟、喷洒喷雾剂、羽毛和猫的排泄物等引起。继发性细菌感染可能使其临床病症恶化。伴发平滑肌肥大、黏液分泌增多和慢性支气管炎的猫，也可能患有支气管哮喘。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(2）临诊要点：突然发生阵发性干咳、呼吸困难、哮喘，常伴有明显的呼气困难。X线检查,有些病例变化不明显，有些病例则显示出支气管增大,或区线透过性增加，胸腔增大。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(3）防治:控制肥胖以提高呼吸系统功能。选用适当的抗生素治疗,以控制继发性细菌感染。糖皮质激素治疗反应良好,进行静脉注射后可使病情立刻得到缓解。病情严重时可进行吸氧。慢性病例可使用支气管扩张药物，如氨茶碱按每千克体重 10~20毫克，口服，每天1次。或用特布他林按每千克体重 1.25 毫克，口服，每天2-3次。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;">14. 心力衰竭<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;"><img src="https://www.cnrlsw.com/upload/u/6/202210/1666690363920928.png" alt="心力衰竭.png"/><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">心力衰竭不是一个独立的疾病，而是在许多疾病中出现的临床综合征。临床上以心肌收缩力减弱，心脏排血量减少,静脉血回流受阻，全身血液循环障碍为特征。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(1)病因：任何引起心肌收缩力减弱，以致心输出量不足的因素，均可成为心力衰竭的病因。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">①心肌负荷过重。是引起急性心力衰竭的最常见原因，如辦膜闭锁不全、先天性心脏畸形、洽疗中过量过快的输液，以及不常运动的犬、猫突然做剧烈运动等。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">②心肌供血不足。见于冠状动脉痉挛、血栓形成、栓塞等,因心肌缺氧，造成收缩力减弱。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">③心肌受损。见于急性传染病(犬瘟热、细小病毒感染)、寄生虫病(弓形体病)、中毒性疾病(如锑中毒）、维生素B,缺乏、甲状腺功能亢进等。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">④心包疾病。如急性心包炎、心包积血，可使心包内压增高，心脏受压迫，心输出量滅少,导致冠状循环供血不足,发生心肌收缩力减弱。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">⑤严重的心律失常。如心室颤动、心动过缓、心跳暂停,使心脏排血量减少,而发生心力衰竭。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">（2)临诊要点：根据发生速度,可分为急性与慢性心力衰竭。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">①急性心力衰竭。多突然发生，表现高度呼吸困难，精神沉郁，脉搏细数而微弱，可视黏膜发绌，体表静脉怒张,心搏动亢盛，第一心音极为高朗。神志不清,突然倒地痉挛,体温降低。并发肺水胂时，胸部听诊有广泛的湿性啰音,两侧鼻孔流出泡沫样鼻液。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">②慢性心力衰竭。病情发展较为缓慢，患病犬、猫精神沉郁，易疲劳,呼吸困难,黏膜发绀，体表静脉经常怒张，四肢末梢水肿，运动后水肿减轻或消失。听诊心音减弱，出现心内杂音及心律不齐,心脏叩诊浊音界扩大。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">根据发生部位，可分为左心衰竭、右心衰竭等。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">①左心衰竭。易发生肺水肿。表现呼吸加快和呼吸困难,听诊有各种啰音,并发咳嗽,偶有干呕，叩诊心区扩大。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">②右心衰竭。右心室和右心房瘀血，阻碍静脉回流，全身浅表静脉充盈，肝、脾胂大,X线检查心影增大。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">③充血性心力衰竭。当发生心衰特别是慢性心衰时，由于水钠潴留，血容量增多，出现心腔扩大，静脉瘀血和组织水肿，称为充血性心力衰竭。氟函发病犬、猫出现呼吸困难,咳嗽,易疲劳，腹围增大，精神沉郁，偶有黏膜发绀等症状。心脏听诊心动过快或过缓，心音沉浊，心律异常，有缩期杂音。心脏叩诊及X线检查心脏肥大。根据病因、血液循环障碍和心音、脉搏的变化，进行综合分析，确定诊断。急性心力衰竭，应与中暑、肺充血和肺水肿相鉴别。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(3)防治:应让发病犬、猫安静休息,饲喂易消化和吸收的食物。缓解呼吸困难，可用鼻导管给氧，氧流量为每分钟4~6升。急性心力衰竭时，可应用速效强心剂,洋地黄毒甙按每千克体重 0.2~1.0毫克，用5％葡萄糖稀释 10~20 倍后，静脉注射,以后每隔8小时注射 0.2毫克。毒毛旋花子甙K0.25~0.5 毫克溶于 25%葡萄糖中静脉注射,必要时 2小时甚至4 小时后，以小剂量再重复注射1次。如并发肺水肿，可用 0.1%异丙肾上腺素0.2~0.4毫克加人 10毫升 25%葡萄糖中，缓慢静脉注射。减轻心脏负担,可酌情放血。抑制心搏过速，可肌注奎宁,同时用速尿按每千克体重0.6~0.8毫克，肌内注射，每天1~2次,连用3~4天。减轻心脏后负荷，可用血管扩张剂,如共胺唑啉 5~10毫克，或硝普钠 5～10毫克，加人10％葡萄糖溶液 200 毫升中，静脉注射;氢化可的松 5~20毫克，加人 10%葡萄糖溶液50～100 毫升中,静脉注射。慢性心力衰竭时,应限制活动,必要时口服镇静剂，如安定10～20毫克，每天3次，或苯巴比妥 100~ 200毫克，每天3次。消除水钠潴留，可应用利尿剂,并及时补钾。心力衰竭时心肌代谢显著增加，临床上多用三磷酸腺苷、辅酶 A、细胞色素 C、维生素 B和葡萄糖等组成的能量合剂，作为辅助疗法，来改善心肌代谢。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;">15. 肾小球肾炎<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;"><img src="https://www.cnrlsw.com/upload/u/6/202210/1666690354800956.png" alt="肾小球肾炎.png"/><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">犬、猫肾小球肾炎是指肾脏弥漫性肾小球损伤性疾病。临床上以肾区疼痛，尿量减少,尿液中含有病理产物，并呈全身性症状为特征。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">（1)病因：其病因大多数与机体的免疫机制有关。感染性因素：外源性抗原，如细菌(溶血性链球菌、葡萄球菌钩端螺旋体）、病毒(犬瘟热病毒(犬传染性肝炎病毒、猫冠状病毒）、寄生虫（弓形虫、犬心丝虫)等,其感染后形成的免疫复合物在肾小球沉积，可致本病。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">①中毒性因素。内源性中毒,如胃肠道炎症代谢疾病、皮肤疾患、重度烧伤时,产生的毒素、代谢产物等。外源性中毒，如摄食腐败食物、有毒物质或强刺激药物（砷、汞、磷、水杨酸等),经肾排出时产生强烈刺激而发病。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">②自身免疫病。如全身性红斑狼疮疾病过程中,所形成的自身免疫复合物，可沉积手肾小球而致病。另外,恶性肿瘤的肿瘤抗原或磺胺等药物,以及击打、撞击等外伤,也可引起该病。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(2)临诊要点：<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">①急性肾小球肾炎。犬、猫患病后精神、食欲缺乏，发热，有时呕吐，可视黏膜苍白，口臭,排便迟滞或腹污。由于肾区敏感疼痛，表现拱腰，强迫行走时步态强拘。触诊肾区,肾脏肿大且敏感性增高，拒绝检查。频频排尿,但尿量少,有血尿或无尿。病后期眼睑、胸及腹下水肿,严重则呈现尿毒症症状，呼吸困难，意识障碍或昏迷，全身肌肉抽搐或痉挛,呼出气中有尿味。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">②慢性肾小球肾炎。食欲缺乏,消瘦，口臭，口腔和齿龈黏膜溃疡，间歇性呕吐，于眼睑、胸腹下、四肢末稍出现水肿,尿量不足，触诊肾脏萎缩变硬，病程长时，下颌骨胂胀及软化,后期可发展成尿毒症。根据病史、临床症状可做出初步诊断,结合实验室检查可确诊。实验室检查！急性肾小球肾炎，血清尿素氮明显升高，血清总蛋白降低,尤其白蛋白明显降低，血清胆固醇、血清肌酐和尿素氮增多,尿量减少至每千克体重 10～20毫升，比重增加，尿中蛋白急剧增加。少尿的犬猫可出现酸中毒和高钙血症。慢性肾小球肾炎，外周血红细胞数减少，白细胞数稍高或正常。肾功能试验，如酚红排泄、内生肌酐廓清、尿素廓清等减退。尿沉渣中可见管型和少数白细胞及肾小管上皮细胞。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(3）防治：改善饲养管理条件,给予易消化，含盐少，蛋白质含量高的饲料，并限制饮水。怀疑有感染时，可选用普鲁卡因青霉素按每千克体重4万～8万国际单位，肌肉注射,每天4次。氨芐青霉素按每千克体重20毫克，肌内注射,每天2次。红霉素按每千克体重 10～20 毫克,静脉注射。抑制免疫反应,早期可应用肾上腺皮质激素，如醋酸可的松 50~100毫克，口服，每天1次。强的松龙10~20毫克，口服，每天1次。地塞米松按每千克体重 0.1~0.2毫克，肌内注射。也可应用烷化剂，如环磷酷胺按每千克体重10毫克，静脉注射，每天1次，连用7~10天。有明显水肿时，可用速尿,2~4毫克，每天3次，口服或静脉注射,25％葡萄糖液10～30毫升静脉注射。多尿的患病犬、猫可补充乳酸林格氏液,少尿的犬、猫限制输液。天功当脱水、高钙血症、代谢性酸中毒时，以 5％葡萄糖加乳酸林格氏液以2：1的比例静脉注射，同时补充维生素 B。当出现心力衰竭时，可用咖啡因 200～400毫克，肌肉注射，或用洋地黄制剂。当出现尿毒症时，可用5％碳酸氢钠 10~30毫升,溶手 200~500 毫升 5％葡萄糖溶液中,静脉注射(成犬）。机体丢失大量蛋白质时，可应用蛋白合成激素醋酸氯睾酮 5~10毫克口服。当有大量血尿时,应用止血药。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;">16. 急性肾功能衰竭<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;"><img src="https://www.cnrlsw.com/upload/u/6/202210/1666690340809656.png" alt="急性肾功能衰竭.png"/><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">本病是指各种原因造成的急性肾实质性损害而导致的肾功能抑制。临床上以发病急骤、少尿或无尿、代谢紊乱和尿毒症为特征。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(1)病因：犬、猫急性肾衰的病因是多方面的。如肾脏严重缺血(大出血、严重呕吐和腹泻、大面积烧伤、急性心力衰竭等）肾中毒(氯仿、磺胺类药物、蛇毒、生鱼胆等)，均可引起急性肾功能障碍。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(2）临诊要点：急性肾衰的临床表现可分为3期。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">①少尿期。表现尿生成减少，在犬每天每千克体重少手7毫升,发生水肿、氮血症、血压升高、心力衰竭、高血钾症、低血钠症及代谢性酸中毒，并可伴发感染。尿比重初期高手 1.025，此后略有下降,若耐过则转为多尿期。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">②多尿期。除多尿外，其他症状依然存在,水及氮质代谢产物潴留显著。由于钾排出过多，出现低血钾症,患病大、猫表现心力衰竭症状，有时后肢瘫痪，而且多死于该期。耐过多尿期后症状好转，转为恢复期。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">③恢复期。尿量逐渐转入正常。由于患病犬、猫组织蛋白消耗严重，肌肉无力、萎缩,恢复甚慢。如肾小球滤过功能长期不能恢复可转为慢性肾衰。可依据病史、临床症状实验室检查结果进行确诊。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">（3）防治：<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">①少尿期。应治疗原发病并纠正高血钾、钠和水潴留。防止休克,可及时补液和输血。高血钾严重时，用胰岛素10国际单位，加人 10%葡萄糖溶液中，静脉注射。或静脉注射 5%碳酸氢钠溶液 100毫升。也可用等渗盐水或乳酸林格氏液静脉注射。若伴有酸中毒，可用5%碳酸氢钠与等渗盐水以2：1补给。利尿可口服呋喃胺酸，按每千克体重4~6毫克，每天2~3次或用 20%甘露醇或 25%葡萄糖按每千克体重1～3毫升，静脉注射。抗感染,应选用对肾脏无毒性抗生素，如红霉素、氯霉素、氨苄青霉素等。抗休克，可用地塞米松，按每千克体重0.4～0.8毫克，肌内注射，每天1~2次。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">②多尿期。血中尿素氮升高,但尿量增加，应及时补充水和电解质。要适当补钾，可按每千克体重50~100毫克，口服钟盐，并按尿量的 1/3补液。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">③恢复期。应注意营养，给予含高蛋白、高碳水化合物和维生素丰富的食物。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;">17．犬、猫尿石症<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;"><img src="https://www.cnrlsw.com/upload/u/6/202210/1666690323715374.png" alt="犬、猫尿石症.png"/><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">犬、猫尿石症是指尿路中无机盐（或有机盐)结晶的凝集物刺激尿路黏膜而引起的出血析出形成的炎症和阻塞的一种泌尿器官疾病。本病常见于老龄犬、猫，并有明显的家族倾向。临床上以排尿障碍、肾性腹痛和血尿为特征。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">（1)病因：尿石的形成有多种因素,但主要与饲料和饮水的数量和质量，机体矿物质代谢,以及泌尿器官、特别是肾的机能活动有关。拍促使尿石形成的因素有：细菌感染尿路,使尿中细菌、炎性产物、脱落的上皮细胞增多,形成盐类沉淀的核心，长期饮水不足、尿潴留，使盐类浓度过高，或使尿成碱性，促使结石的形成。维生素 A缺乏和雌激素过剩,使上皮细胞脱落形成结石核心。甲状旁腺功能亢进、维生素D过多等,也可促进结石形成。某些具有遗传性代谢缺陷的犬种，如英国斗牛犬、约克夏犬等(尿酸遗传代谢缺陷）,易形成尿酸铵结石，而机体代谢紊乱，有利于胱胺酸结石的形成。有尿结石成分复杂，磷酸铵一氧化镁结石约占犬尿结石的 60％,并多见于雌犬，而含磷酸钙的磷灰石或含磷酸铵镁的鸟类石多见于猫。尿结石形成后，可刺激尿道黏膜，引起尿路黏膜发炎、出血和排尿障碍。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(2)临诊要点：尿石症主要症状为排尿障碍、肾性腹痛和血尿,但由于尿石存在部位不同,对组织损伤程度不同，症状也不一致。但尿频和血尿，提示有本病的可能。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">①结石位于肾孟。多呈肾盂肾炎症状，并有血尿，严重时形成肾盂积水。患病犬、猫肾区疼痛。当结石移动时，引起短时间的急性疼痛，大犬声吠叫,运步强拘,步态紧张，触诊膀胱空虚。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">②结石位于输尿管。患病犬、猫表现剧痛、呕吐，不愿活动,腹部触诊疼痛。输尿管部分阻塞时，有血尿、脓尿及蛋白尿;完全阻塞，膀胱空虚。若有感染则体温升高。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">③结石位于膀胱。尿频及血尿,膀胱敏感性增高。但结石小、位于膀胱腔时则不表现症状。当尿石大而多时，则呈现明显的疼痛及排尿障碍，频频做排尿姿势,尿量很少或无尿。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">④结石位于尿道。腹壁触诊膀胱膨满,按压时无尿液排出。尿闭后,腹围迅速膨大，,引起尿毒症或膀胱破裂。膀胱破裂时,转为安静，出现休克。腹部迅速膨大，腹腔穿刺有大量棕黄白色，有尿臭味液体流出。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">（3）诊断：<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">①触诊和探诊。膀胱结石可通过腹部触诊确定，膀胱内尿少时，可触及结石。尿道结石多发生于公犬、猫，部位在阴茎骨后端或坐骨弓处，触诊尿道外有疼痛感，且可触及结石，尿道探诊时可明确结石所在部位。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">②仪器探测。用X线对侧位和仰卧位的整个泌尿系统进行摄影，对诊断有意义。还可借助空气造影,诊断尿酸盐结石，用金属探针插入雌犬、猫的膀胱内，如探针触到结石,有时可听到“咯咯”声。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">③治疗性诊断。按每干克体重4万国际单位，肌内注射普鲁卡因青霉素，连用3天，或按每千克体重磺胺甲噻三唑50毫克，分2次口服，连服3天。如果由结石引起的血尿,治疗无效,而膀胱炎的血尿可以消退，其他症状改善。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">（4) 防治：怀疑有尿石症的病例，可给大量流体食物、饮水,必要时给子利尿剂，并结合冲洗尿道，使小的结石排出。对大的膀胱结石应手术取出。膀胱内结石少而小时，可考虑超声波碎石。术后用透明质酸酶10赖氏单位(10RFU),肌内注射，每天1次，连续7天。尿道结石,轻症犬、猫,把导尿管插人尿道，边压迫骨盆缘处的尿道边向内注入生理盐水和液体石蜡，压力提高后,迅速放开,使注入的液体流出,小结石随之流出。无效则用导尿管将结石推人膀胱进行治疗，或行尿道切开术。为缓解疼痛，可用盐酸吗啡按每千克体重1毫克,皮下注射。预防感染，可用氨苄青霉素、氯霉素、呋喃坦啶等。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">预防本病可采取如下措施：<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">①食盐疗法。根据犬、猫大小每天添加 0.5~10克盐，增加犬、猫的排尿量及饮水量。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">②食饵疗法。对不同类型的结石，采用不同的食物配方。如磷酸铵一氧化镁结石和草酸盐结石，饲喂米饭和动物性蛋白为主的酸性食物，可使尿液酸化。胱氦酸结石和尿酸结石，饲喂添加碳酸氢钠的低蛋白食物，可使尿液碱化。草酸盐结石，可给予低钙食物。胱氨酸结石，按每千克体重 25 毫克口服D-青霉胺可使结石变为可溶性物质。另外，用透明质酸酶复合剂，每天 1片,口服，对尿石症有治疗和预防作用。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;">18.膀胱炎<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;"><img src="https://www.cnrlsw.com/upload/u/6/202210/1666690309181258.png" alt="膀胱炎.png"/><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">膀胱炎是指膀胱黏膜或黏膜下层的炎症。临床上以疼痛性尿频,尿液浑浊、甚至血尿和膀胱部位有触痛为特征。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(1)病因：膀胱炎主要由于病原微生物感染所致，如葡萄球菌、化脓杆菌、变形杆菌大肠杆菌等,通过血道或尿道侵人膀胱，引起膀胱炎，其中肠道阴性菌为膀胱炎的主要病原菌。四口机械性损伤，主要由于插入导尿管、膀胱内结石膀胱内肿瘤,以及经肾排泄有强烈刺激性药物，损伤黏膜所致。当患有肾炎尿道炎和阴道炎时，可蔓延到膀胱，过敏尿潴留、神经性排尿障碍，也可引发膀胱炎。另外,用环磷酰胺治疗可致无菌性出血性膀胱炎。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(2)临诊要点<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">①急性膀胱炎。主要表现排尿疼痛,尿少而频，或呈点滴状不断排出，血尿混浊恶臭。触诊膀胱时,疼痛不安，膀胱缩小，严重时膀胱括约肌痉孪,引起尿闭，表现极度不安、呻吟。定点排尿的习惯被破坏。②慢性膀胱炎。无排尿困难,但病程较长，膀胱触诊能感知肥厚的黏膜或发现肿瘤。膀胱炎，根据病史、临床症状及膀胱触诊可做出初生诊断,如确诊应做尿液实验室检查。必要时做膀胱充气造影、X线检查或膀胱内窥镜检查。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(3）防洽：饮食中添加食盐和饮水，促进炎性物质和细菌随尿排出。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">①使用抗生素。氦苄青霉素按每千克体重 4.9毫克，静脉注射或口服，每天3次。氟哌酸每千克体重 20~50毫克，口服，每天3次。磺胺二甲异噁唑每次 0.1~2.0克，口服，每天 2～3次。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">②局部冲洗膀胱。用温生理盐水反复冲洗后，再用消毒药冲洗 2~3次。常用药液有 0.05%高锰酸钾溶液、0.02%呋喃西林溶液、0.1%雷佛奴尔溶液、1%～2％硼酸溶液等。慢性膀胱炎，可用0.01％～0.0%硫酸银溶液，冲洗完后,灌注青霉素溶液(5～10毫升蒸馏水中的溶解青霉素 20～40 万国际单位)。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">③其他。促进尿液酸化，可口服氯化铵按每千克体重100毫克，每天2次。有出血，可肌内注射安络血注射液，每次0.5毫升，每天 1~2次;口服云南白药胶囊，每次1.0克,每天3次。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;">19.脑震荡及脑挫伤<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;"><img src="https://www.cnrlsw.com/upload/u/6/202210/1666690299290660.png" alt="脑震荡.png"/><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">脑震荡是由于颅骨受到钝性暴力的作用，致使脑神经受到全面损伤的疾病,临床上以昏迷、反射机能减退或消失为特征。脑挫伤比脑震荡严重,多伴发脑组织水肿、出血。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(1)病因：犬、猫发生脑震荡及脑挫伤，主要由于冲撞、打击、坠落、交通事故而引起。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(2)临诊要点：临床症状因损伤部位和程度不同，表现不一。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">①脑震荡。病情较轻的站立不稳，失去知觉，经过片刻,又清醒过来,可能存在某些脑症状。病情严重的，瞬间倒地,立即死广，或倒地昏迷，知觉和反射减退或消失，瞳孔散大,呼吸缓慢,脉搏增数，脉律不齐，有时呕吐，大小便失禁,经过数分钟至数小时后，患病犬、猫苏醒，反射机能逐渐恢复，肌肉抽搐，收缩性不断增强，眼球震颤，抬头向四周巡视,经过挣扎,可以站立。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">②脑挫伤。脑挫伤的-般症状与脑震荡相似，但意识丧失时间较长，恢复较慢。并且由于脑组织受到不同程度损害,发生灶性病变，出现偏瘫或癫痫症状。颅内压增大，脑脊液中含有血液。根据病史、临床症状，可做出确诊，但如病史不清，则应与中毒和代谢性疾病进行鉴别。中毒和代谢性疾病通常早期表现皮层机能抑制状态,以后影响脑千机能，一般无灶性病灶。如有必要，可用进一步做X线、CT检查。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">（3）防治：对昏迷的患病犬、猫,首先应保持呼吸道通畅。例如：伸展患病犬、猫的头颅,把舌拉向前方,消除口咽部的呕吐物、血液，必要时进行气管切开术或氧气吸人。应用冰袋对头部冷敷。为降低颅内压，可用 50％葡萄糖溶液、20%甘露醇溶液100毫升或 25％山梨醇溶液100 毫升,静脉注射，每天 2～3次。为促进脑细胞功能恢复，可酌用细胞色素C 10~20毫克,加人 25％葡萄糖中,静脉注射，或三磷酸腺苷 10~20毫克,肌内注射。对休克犬、猫，可用皮质类固醇药物，如氢化可的松、强的松龙、地塞米松，同时与林格氏液静脉注射进行抢救。防止脑出血，可用维生素Ks、安络血等。当发生抽搐或兴奋不安时,应给予盐酸氯丙嗪、苯巴比妥钠等镇静剂。当合并感染、体温升高时,应给子抗生素。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;">20. 日射病和热射病<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;"><img src="https://www.cnrlsw.com/upload/u/6/202210/1666690270701288.png" alt="日射病.png"/><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">日射病是日光直接照射头部所致,以脑及脑膜充血和脑实质急性病变、中枢神经系统机能严重障碍为特征。热射病是在高温、高湿、通风不良的环境中，引起的中枢神经机能紊乱,以体内产热和散热失去平衡、导致机体过热为特征。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(1)病因：在高温、通风不良的场所或酷暑时强行训练；或炎热季节犬、猫头部被日光照射过久;或麻醉时气管插管置留时间过长，心血管、泌尿系统障碍;以及过度肥胖阻碍散热,均可引发本病。易出现上呼吸道疾病的短头品种犬，以及经常不安、极度神经质的犬容易发病。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">（2临诊要点：发病犬、猫常缺乏前驱症状,体温突然急剧上升，可达42°C甚至44°C以上,突然晕厥倒地，意识丧失。呼吸急速，出现陈一施二氏呼吸，张口伸舌，口鼻流出淡粉红色泡沫。脉搏疾速而微弱，可视黏膜发绀，血液黏稠、呈暗红色，静脉塌陷。濒死前，体温下降，昏迷不醒，痉挛,抽搐，陷于室息和心脏麻痹状态。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(3)防治：迅速将患病犬、猫移至通风、凉爽、背阳处，用冷水浇头或放置冰袋。氯丙嗪按每千克体重1～2毫克，肌内注射,进行降温治疗。昏迷的，皮下注射洋地黄或安息香酸钠咖啡因。兴奋狂躁的，用利血平、眠而通，肌内注射。陷于休克的，出现酸中毒时,用 5％碳酸氦钠或洛克氏液（氯化钠 8.5克、氯化钙0.2克、碳酸氢钠0.2克、葡萄糖1克、蒸馏水100毫升）300～500毫升地塞米松按每千克体重 1毫克，静脉注射,伴发肺水肿时，立即静脉泻血 100~300毫升(大）,随即静脉输人复方氯化钠溶液或 10％葡萄糖液 300~500毫升。针灸疗法，用三棱针,针刺耳尖、尾尖等穴位放血。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;">21.癫痫<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; white-space: normal; text-align: center;"><img src="https://www.cnrlsw.com/upload/u/6/202210/1666690260810559.png" alt="癫痫.png"/><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">癫痫是脑神经功能的突发性一过性障碍。临床上以突然发生、迅速恢复、反复发作、短时间的意识障碍和反复出现的强直性痉挛为主要特征。犬的发病率比猫高。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">（1）病因：原发性癫痫，一般认为与遗传因素有关。继发性癫痫，可继发于多种脑部疾病，及引起脑组织代谢异常障碍的全身性疾病，如一氧化碳中毒、有机磷中毒低血糖症、低血钾症、高胰岛素血症、脑创伤、脑肿瘤、血管性脑病及犬瘟热等。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">（2）临诊要点：癫痫的主要症状是意识丧失和强直性痉挛。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">①原发性癫痫。发作前，患病犬、猫表现不安、焦虑,然后突然倒地、惊厥,发生强直性和阵发性痉挛,全身僵硬，四肢伸展，意识丧失，牙关紧闭。有时大小便失禁，口吐白沫,瞳孔散大，可反复发作，恢复较快。数分钟后，患病犬、猫恢复知觉，但呈沉郁状态，可持续数秒至数天，极少数犬狂奔或攻击人。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">②继发性癫痫。有痉挛和肌肉紧张的表现,与原发性癫痫类似。其他症状依病因不同而有别：如因低血钙和维生素缺三所致的癫病，数分钟重复间歇性痉挛;脑缺血及低血糖性痉挛,则以意识丧失为主。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">(3）防治：应设法使患病犬、猫安静，避免外界刺激，固定头部,以防发作时意外事故发生。<p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 24px; padding: 0px; clear: both; min-height: 1em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: mp-quote, -apple-system-font, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Helvetica Neue", "PingFang SC", "Hiragino Sans GB", "Microsoft YaHei UI", "Microsoft YaHei", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; text-align: justify; white-space: normal;">原发性癫痫由于病因不清，主要应用抑制痉李发作的药物进行对症治疗，如扑癫酮，犬按每千克体重20~40毫克，猫按每千克体重 0.125毫克，皮下注射，每天2次。苯妥英钠，犬按每千克体重 2~6毫克，猫按每千克体重0.5~1.0毫克,每天2次，口服。安定，犬按每干克体重2.5~10毫克，肌内注射，每天2～3次。癫痫发作时，苯巴比妥按每千克体重5~20毫克，分3次口服。安定每天按每千克体重 1.5～5.0毫克，分2～3次口服，处于发作中的犬可肌注或静脉注射。复方中药白金丸和神康宁,对犬原发性癫病有—定疗效。继发性癫痫,应先袪除病因,采取相应措施，控制和缓解症状。此文仅供参考具体病症请及时就医！

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